White-collar crime refers to non-violent offenses committed by individuals or organizations, typically for financial gain, through deceit, fraud, or breach of trust. In India, such crimes often involve large-scale scams, corporate frauds, embezzlement, and insider trading, severely impacting the economy and public trust.

1.Harshad Mehta Securities Scam (1988–1995)

• Amount Involved: ₹5,000 crore
• Modus Operandi: Manipulation of stock prices using fake bank receipts
• Impact: Led to significant reforms in India’s financial regulatory system

2. Satyam Computers Accounting Fraud (2009)

• Amount Involved: ₹14,000 crore
• Modus Operandi: Inflated revenues and falsified accounts
• Impact: Shook investor confidence and led to stricter corporate governance norms ​

3. Ketan Parekh Stock Manipulation Scam (1999–2001)

• Amount Involved: ₹1,250 crore
• Modus Operandi: Circular trading and stock price manipulation
• Impact: Exposed vulnerabilities in the stock market’s regulatory mechanisms

4. Saradha Chit Fund Scam (2013)

• Amount Involved: ₹20,000–30,000 crore
• Modus Operandi: Ponzi scheme masquerading as a chit fund
• Impact: Affected over 1.7 million investors, leading to financial ruin for many

5. Punjab National Bank (PNB) Fraud (2018)

• Amount Involved: ₹13,000 crore
• Modus Operandi: Fraudulent issuance of Letters of Undertaking (LoUs)
• Impact: Highlighted lapses in banking oversight and risk management ​

6. 2G Spectrum Allocation Scam (2008)

• Amount Involved: ₹1.76 lakh crore (as estimated by CAG)
• Modus Operandi: Undervalued allocation of telecom licenses
• Impact: Sparked nationwide protests and led to significant political upheaval

7. Commonwealth Games (CWG) Scam (2010)

• Amount Involved: ₹70,000 crore
• Modus Operandi: Misappropriation of funds allocated for event infrastructure
• Impact: Tarnished India’s international image and led to multiple investigations

8.Vijay Mallya Loan Default Case

• Amount Involved: ₹9,000 crore
• Modus Operandi: Defaulted on loans taken for Kingfisher Airlines
• Impact: Led to his designation as a fugitive economic offender

9. NSE Co-location Scam

• Amount Involved: ₹687 crore disgorgement ordered by SEBI
• Modus Operandi: Unfair access to trading data for select brokers
• Impact: Raised concerns over transparency in stock exchanges

10. Operation Red Spider (2013)

• Amount Involved: Penalties totaling ₹10.5 crore imposed on banks
• Modus Operandi: Money laundering facilitated by bank officials
• Impact: Prompted stricter enforcement of anti-money laundering norms